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| Bromoxynil |
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| NOMENCLATURE Bromoxynil
Common name bromoxynil (BSI, E-ISO, (m) F-ISO, ANSI, WSSA) IUPAC name 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile; 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl cyanide Chemical Abstracts name 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile CAS RN [1689-84-5] EEC no. 216-882-7 Development codes M&B 10 064 (May & Baker) Official codes ENT 20852 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Bromoxynil Composition Tech. grade is c. 95% pure. Mol. wt. 276.9 M.f. C7H3Br2NO Form Colourless solid. M.p. 194-195 ºC (sublimes at 135 ºC/0.15 mmHg); (tech., 183-192 ºC) V.p. 6.3  10-3 mPa (20 ºC) KOW logP = 2.8 (unionised) Henry 1.34  10-5 Pa m3 mol-1 (calc.) Solubility In water 130 mg/l (20 ºC). In dimethylformamide 610, tetrahydrofuran 410, acetone, cyclohexanone 170, methanol 90, ethanol 70, mineral oils <20, benzene 10 (all in g/l, 25 ºC). Stability Very stable to dilute alkalis and acids. Stable to u.v. light. Thermally stable below the melting point. pKa 3.86 COMMERCIALISATION Bromoxynil History Herbicidal properties of bromoxynil described independently by R. L. Wain (Nature (London), 1963, 200, 28), by K. Carpenter & B. J. Heywood (ibid., p. 28), and by Amchem Products Inc. Development reviewed by B. J. Heywood (Chem. Ind. (London), 1966, p. 1946). Introduced by May & Baker Ltd and by Amchem Products Inc. (both now Aventis CropScience). Patents GB 1067033 to May & Baker; US 3397054; US 4332613 both to Amchem Manufacturers Aventis; CFPI Nufarm; Makhteshim-Agan; Punjab; Sanachem; Sundat; Zhejiang APPLICATIONS Bromoxynil Biochemistry Photosynthetic electron transport inhibitor at the photosystem II receptor site; also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Mode of action Selective contact herbicide with some systemic activity. Absorbed by the foliage, with limited translocation. Uses Post-emergence control of annual broad-leaved weeds, especially young seedlings of the Polygonaceae, Compositae, and certain Boraginaceae, in cereals, maize, sorghum, flax, onions, garlic, mint, grass-seed crops, turf, and non-crop land. Often used in combination with other herbicides, to extend the spectrum of control. Formulation types EC; SC; WP. |
Fluorochloridone
Clopyralid
Oxyfluorfen
Quizalofop-p-ethyl
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